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Viking raid warfare and tactics
Vikings were tribes, originally from Scandinavia, of Norse ancestry, who were known for their raids and piracy in many parts of Europe, especially England, Ireland, and Frankish territories.〔Abels, Richard. "Alfred the Great and Æthelred II 'the Unready": The Viking Wars in England, C. 850-1016." Vikings Revised (2009): n. pag. United States Naval Academy. United States Naval Academy Press, 20 July 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2014.〕 The Viking Age refers to the period roughly from 793 AD to late 11th Century Europe. This time period began with raids on European Christian lands in England and eventually expanded to mainland Europe, including parts of what is now Russia.〔Sprague, Martina. Norse Warfare: The Unconventional Battle Strategies of the Ancient Vikings. New York: Hippocrene, 2007. Print, pg. 10.〕 While maritime battles were rare, Viking bands were exceptional at raiding coastal towns and monasteries due to their efficient ships, intimidating war tactics, skillful hand-to-hand combat, and fearlessness.〔Fissulo, David F. Medieval Scandinavia: Overview of Viking Warfare. Great Neck: Great Neck, n.d. Ebsco Host. Great Neck Publishing, 2011. Web. 16 Nov. 2014.〕 What started as Viking raids on small towns transformed into the establishment of important agricultural spaces and commercial trading hubs across Europe through rudimentary colonization.〔Fissulo, Medieval Scandinavia: Overview of Viking Warfare, 16 Nov. 2014.〕 Vikings warfare tactics gave them an enormous advantage in being able to successfully raid and later colonize despite their small population in comparison to their enemies.
== Culture of war ==
The tactics and warfare of the Vikings were driven by their cultural ideologies. Vikings, according to Clare Downham in ''Viking Kings of Britain in Ireland'', are, "people of Scandinavian culture who were active outside Scandinavia… Danes, Norwegians, Swedes, Hiberno-Scandinavians, Anglo-Scandinavians or the inhabitants of any Scandinavian colony who affiliated themselves more strongly with the culture of the coloniser than with that of the indigenous population."〔Downham, Clare. Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland the Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic, 2008. Print, pg xv.〕
Viking war culture and ideologies are rooted in Norse culture as recalled by Icelandic sagas. In the early Viking Age during the late 8th century and most of the 9th, Vikings consisted of smaller tribal bands with a lack of central authority. Violence was used as a measure to moderate disputes rooted in honor, a pagan Norse belief. This emphasis on violence as a decisive tool regarding disputes was not limited to a man, but extended to a man's kin.〔Short, William Rhuel. Icelanders in the Viking Age: The People of the Sagas. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2010. Print, pg. 41, 42.〕 Violence was seen as a measure to defend honor. Honor was extremely important to Norsemen, and the sense of shaming one's honor extended beyond physical and material injuries. Honor could be shamed from mere insults, where Norsemen were expected to react with violence often resulting in death. Thus, with this prevalence of violence came the expectation of fearlessness.〔Short, Icelanders in the Viking Age: The People of the Sagas, pg. 40-44.〕
Norsemen believed that the time of death for any individual is predetermined, however nothing else in life was. Considering this, Norsemen believed there to be two possibilities in life: "success with its attendant fame; or death."〔Short, Icelanders in the Viking Age: The People of the Sagas, pg. 42.〕 The necessity of defending honor with violence, along with the belief that time of death was preordained, adventure and fearlessness were core values to the Viking Age.〔Short, Icelanders in the Viking Age: The People of the Sagas, ibid.〕 These principle values and ideologies were displayed in the tactics of Viking raids and warfare.
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